Timeless Waves: Mastering 1920S Long Hairstyles With A Modern Twist

1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial: A Journey Back in Time

A "1920s long hairstyles tutorial" is a step-by-step guide that teaches individuals how to achieve the iconic long hairstyles popular during the 1920s era. For instance, the "Marcel wave," characterized by soft, loose waves cascading down the shoulders, epitomizes the glamorous style of the Roaring Twenties.

Learning these hairstyling techniques offers several benefits. Not only do they provide a historical glimpse into the beauty trends of the past, but they also inspire modern-day fashion and hairstyling. Additionally, mastering these techniques allows individuals to recreate the elegant and sophisticated looks of the 1920s for special occasions, costume parties, or even everyday wear.

The 1920s witnessed a significant shift in societal norms and cultural values. The post-World War I era brought about a sense of liberation and a desire for change. This cultural transformation was reflected in various aspects of life, including fashion and beauty. Women began to embrace shorter hairstyles and more daring clothing, symbolizing their newfound independence and rejecting the restrictive Victorian ideals.

Delving deeper into this article, we will explore the techniques and tools necessary to achieve these timeless hairstyles, providing a comprehensive guide for those seeking to emulate the captivating allure of the 1920s.

1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial

Understanding the key aspects of 1920s long hairstyles tutorials is crucial for achieving the iconic looks of the era. These points lay the foundation for mastering the techniques and creating authentic hairstyles.

• Marcel Wave: Signature loose waves using heated tongs.
• Finger Waves: Defined waves created with fingers and setting lotion.
• Shingled Bob: Short, layered bob with soft waves.
• Headbands and Accessories: Adornments to enhance hairstyles.
• Pin Curls: Curls set with hairpins, creating loose, voluminous styles.
• Styling Products: Pomades, setting lotions, and hairspray for hold.
• Hair Preparation: Proper washing, drying, and brushing techniques.
• Historical Context: Understanding the cultural and societal influences.
• Tools and Equipment: Curling irons, combs, and styling accessories.
• Practice and Patience: Achieving proficiency through repetition.

These key points provide a comprehensive overview of the essential aspects of 1920s long hairstyles tutorials. By delving deeper into each point, readers can gain a thorough understanding of the techniques, tools, and historical context that contribute to these timeless hairstyles. Whether seeking to recreate the glamour of the Roaring Twenties for a special occasion or simply appreciate the artistry of the era, exploring these aspects will enrich the hairstyling experience.

Marcel Wave

The Marcel wave, a defining characteristic of 1920s hairstyles, is a technique that utilizes heated tongs to create soft, flowing waves in long hair. This hairstyling method gained immense popularity during the Roaring Twenties, symbolizing the era's glamour and sophistication.

• Heated Tongs:
  

  Specialized curling irons with cylindrical barrels, ranging in size to accommodate different hair lengths and wave patterns.

• Sectioning:
  

  Dividing the hair into manageable sections to ensure even distribution of waves throughout the entire head.

• Technique:
  

  Hair is wrapped around the heated tongs, starting from the roots and moving downwards, creating a smooth, continuous wave pattern.

• Cooling and Setting:
  

  After each section is curled, it is pinned or clipped in place to cool and set the wave, ensuring longevity and definition.

Mastering the Marcel wave technique requires practice and precision. The size of the heated tongs, the angle at which the hair is wrapped, and the duration of heat application all influence the final outcome. Additionally, using styling products like setting lotions or pomades can enhance the hold and definition of the waves. The Marcel wave remains an iconic hairstyle, often seen on red carpets and in fashion editorials, paying homage to the timeless glamour of the 1920s.

Finger Waves

Finger waves, an intricate hairstyling technique popular in the 1920s, utilizes fingers and setting lotion to create defined, sculpted waves in long hair. This method offers a more natural and fluid alternative to the structured Marcel wave, embodying the era's spirit of experimentation and individuality.

• Sectioning:
  

  Hair is divided into small, manageable sections to ensure even distribution of waves and precise styling.

• Finger Technique:
  

  Using fingers as a styling tool, hair is shaped into waves by pressing and molding it into desired patterns.

• Setting Lotion:
  

  A styling product applied to damp hair, providing hold and definition to the waves as they dry.

• Styling Tools:
  

  Fine-tooth combs, clips, and hairpins are used to shape, separate, and secure the waves in place.

Mastering finger waves requires practice and attention to detail. The size and shape of the waves can be varied to suit individual preferences and face shapes. Additionally, finger waves can be further embellished with headbands, hair accessories, or decorative pins, adding a touch of glamour and personalization. This versatile hairstyling technique continues to inspire modern hairstylists and fashion enthusiasts, blending vintage charm with contemporary flair.

Shingled Bob

Within the realm of 1920s long hairstyles, the shingled bob stands out as a transformative and iconic style. This short, layered bob, often adorned with soft waves, epitomizes the era's spirit of liberation and embraces a more androgynous aesthetic.

• Graduated Layers:
  

  The shingled bob features graduated layers, with shorter hair at the back of the head and longer hair towards the front, creating a flattering and versatile shape.

• Soft Waves:
  

  To complement the layered structure, soft waves are often added to the bob, enhancing its movement and texture. This can be achieved using heated styling tools or setting lotion.

• Side Parting:
  

  A defining characteristic of the shingled bob is the side part, which adds asymmetry and draws attention to the facial features.

• Styling Versatility:
  

  The shingled bob offers versatility in styling. It can be worn sleek and straight for a sophisticated look or styled with finger waves or curls for a more glamorous occasion.

These elements combine to create a hairstyle that is both timeless and modern. The shingled bob continues to inspire contemporary hairstylists and fashion enthusiasts, offering a blend of vintage charm and contemporary flair. Its versatility and adaptability make it suitable for various face shapes and personal styles, solidifying its place as a quintessential 1920s long hairstyle.

Headbands and Accessories

In the world of 1920s long hairstyles, headbands and accessories played a pivotal role in elevating and personalizing hairstyles. This section delves into the intricate relationship between "Headbands and Accessories" and "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," shedding light on their interconnectedness and practical significance.

Cause and Effect: Headbands and accessories were not merely decorative elements; they actively influenced the overall outcome of 1920s hairstyles. For instance, a carefully chosen headband could accentuate the Marcel wave's soft contours, while a bejeweled hair clip could draw attention to intricate finger waves. Conversely, the hairstyles themselves provided a stunning canvas for accessories to shine, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two.

Components: Headbands and accessories were integral components of 1920s long hairstyles tutorials. They complemented the hairstyles, enhancing their visual appeal and adding layers of texture and interest. These adornments were not just embellishments; they played a functional role in securing hairstyles, keeping waves in place, and preventing stray hairs from disrupting the carefully crafted looks.

Examples: History offers a treasure trove of examples showcasing the harmonious blend of headbands and accessories with 1920s long hairstyles. Silent film stars like Clara Bow and Joan Crawford frequently graced the silver screen with their iconic hairstyles adorned with headbands, feathers, and sparkling hair ornaments. These examples illustrate how accessories transformed hairstyles into works of art.

Applications: Understanding the role of headbands and accessories in 1920s long hairstyles tutorials has practical implications for modern hairstylists, fashion enthusiasts, and individuals seeking to recreate these timeless looks. By incorporating these elements, hairstylists can elevate their creations, adding a touch of vintage glamour or a unique personal flair. Fashion enthusiasts can draw inspiration from historical styles, experimenting with different accessories to complement their outfits. Additionally, individuals interested in learning 1920s hairstyles can benefit from understanding how headbands and accessories can enhance the final result.

In conclusion, the exploration of "Headbands and Accessories: Adornments to Enhance Hairstyles" within the context of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial" reveals a fascinating interplay between adornments and hairstyles. Headbands and accessories were not mere embellishments; they elevated hairstyles, influenced their overall outcome, and played a functional role in securing and enhancing the desired look. Whether for historical appreciation, fashion inspiration, or practical hairstyling applications, understanding this relationship enriches our appreciation of the artistry and creativity that defined 1920s hairstyles.

Pin Curls

In the realm of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," "Pin Curls: Curls set with hairpins, creating loose, voluminous styles" stands as a technique that significantly shapes and enhances the overall look. This section delves into the intricate relationship between these two elements, exploring their interconnectedness and practical significance.

Styling Products

Delving into the intricate world of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," one cannot overlook the pivotal role played by "Styling Products: Pomades, setting lotions, and hairspray for hold." This section aims to explore the profound connection between these two elements, shedding light on their interconnectedness, practical significance, and historical relevance.

Cause and Effect: A Dance of Transformation

Styling products are not mere accessories in the hairstylist's arsenal; they actively shape and influence the outcomes of 1920s long hairstyles. Pomades, with their slick and shiny texture, tame flyaways, define waves, and add a touch of sophistication to any style. Setting lotions, on the other hand, provide a firm hold, ensuring that curls and intricate updos remain intact throughout the day. Hairspray, with its locking power, offers the final touch, preserving the hairstyle's shape and volume, defying the forces of gravity and time.

Components: An Indispensable Symphony

Styling products are integral components of 1920s long hairstyles tutorials, playing a multifaceted role in achieving the desired looks. They act as sculpting agents, molding hair into intricate waves, soft curls, and voluminous shapes. Their ability to control frizz, add shine, and provide hold makes them indispensable tools for hairstylists seeking to recreate the iconic styles of the Roaring Twenties.

Examples: Icons and Inspirations

History is replete with examples showcasing the transformative power of styling products in 1920s long hairstyles. Silent film stars like Clara Bow and Joan Crawford graced the silver screen with their perfectly coiffed tresses, made possible by the liberal use of pomades and setting lotions. Flappers, with their signature finger waves and bobs, relied on these products to maintain their sharp and polished looks throughout the night's festivities.

Applications: Practical Implications

Understanding the significance of styling products in 1920s long hairstyles tutorials has far-reaching implications for modern hairstylists, enthusiasts, and individuals seeking to recreate these timeless looks. By mastering the art of product application, hairstylists can elevate their craft, offering clients a wider range of vintage-inspired styles. Fashion enthusiasts can draw inspiration from historical hairstyles, experimenting with different products to achieve the desired texture, shine, and hold. Additionally, individuals interested in learning 1920s hairstyles can benefit from understanding the techniques and applications of styling products to achieve authentic results.

Summary: A Tapestry of Creativity and Control

In conclusion, the exploration of "Styling Products: Pomades, setting lotions, and hairspray for hold." within the context of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial" reveals a captivating interplay between products and hairstyles. Styling products are not just embellishments; they are essential tools that empower hairstylists and enthusiasts alike to create and maintain the iconic looks of the Roaring Twenties. While achieving these hairstyles may require some practice and skill, the end result is a testament to the transformative power of hairstyling and the enduring legacy of the 1920s.

Hair Preparation

Within the realm of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," "Hair Preparation: Proper washing, drying, and brushing techniques" stands as a crucial foundation upon which successful hairstyling is built. This section delves into the intricate relationship between these two elements, exploring their interconnectedness, practical significance, and historical relevance.

Cause and Effect: A Symbiotic Relationship

Hair preparation and 1920s long hairstyles share a symbiotic relationship. Proper washing, drying, and brushing techniques directly influence the outcome of the final hairstyle. Clean, well-maintained hair holds styles better, allowing hairstylists to achieve the desired shape and volume. Conversely, the hairstyling process itself can impact hair health, emphasizing the need for proper preparation to minimize damage.

Components: Essential Elements of a Successful Hairstyle

Hair preparation is an integral component of 1920s long hairstyles tutorials, playing a multifaceted role in achieving the desired looks. Washing removes dirt, oil, and product buildup, providing a clean canvas for hairstyling. Drying techniques, such as air-drying or using a diffuser, help prevent frizz and maintain the hair's natural texture. Brushing detangles hair, distributes natural oils evenly, and helps create a smooth, polished foundation for styling.

Examples: Icons and Inspirations

History offers a wealth of examples showcasing the importance of hair preparation in 1920s long hairstyles. Silent film stars like Clara Bow and Joan Crawford were known for their immaculate tresses, achieved through rigorous hair care routines. Photographs from the era reveal the meticulous attention paid to hair preparation, with women spending hours washing, drying, and brushing their hair to achieve the perfect foundation for their iconic hairstyles.

Applications: Practical Implications

Understanding the significance of hair preparation in 1920s long hairstyles tutorials has far-reaching implications for modern hairstylists, enthusiasts, and individuals seeking to recreate these timeless looks. By mastering the art of hair preparation, hairstylists can ensure that their clients' hair is healthy and manageable, allowing them to achieve the desired hairstyles with greater ease and longevity. Fashion enthusiasts can draw inspiration from historical hairstyles, experimenting with different preparation techniques to achieve the desired texture and volume. Additionally, individuals interested in learning 1920s hairstyles can benefit from understanding the importance of hair preparation to achieve authentic results.

Summary: A Foundation for Timeless Beauty

In conclusion, the exploration of "Hair Preparation: Proper washing, drying, and brushing techniques" within the context of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial" reveals a profound interconnectedness between the two. Hair preparation is not merely a preliminary step; it is an essential foundation that sets the stage for successful hairstyling. While achieving these hairstyles may require some practice and skill, the end result is a testament to the transformative power of proper hair care and the enduring legacy of the 1920s.

Historical Context

When delving into the intricate world of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," it becomes evident that "Historical Context: Understanding the Cultural and Societal Influences" plays a pivotal role in shaping and comprehending these iconic hairstyles. This section aims to explore the profound connection between these two elements, shedding light on their interconnectedness, practical significance, and historical relevance, all within the context of an informatical article.

Cause and Effect: A Tapestry of Influences

The historical context of the 1920s serves as a catalyst for the distinct hairstyles that emerged during this era. The post-World War I era brought about a sense of liberation and societal change, particularly for women. This newfound freedom and rejection of Victorian ideals manifested in various aspects of life, including fashion and beauty. Women began to embrace shorter hairstyles and more daring styles, symbolizing their independence and desire to break free from traditional norms.

Components: An Indispensable Foundation

Understanding the historical context of the 1920s is an essential component of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial." It provides a framework for comprehending the motivations and inspirations behind these hairstyles. By examining the cultural and societal influences of the era, hairstylists and enthusiasts can gain a deeper appreciation for the hairstyles' significance and relevance.

Examples: A Journey Through Time

History offers a treasure trove of examples showcasing the tangible impact of historical context on 1920s long hairstyles. The iconic flappers of the era, known for their carefree spirit and rebellious nature, often sported bobs and finger waves, hairstyles that symbolized their rejection of societal constraints. Silent film stars like Clara Bow and Joan Crawford graced the silver screen with their elaborate hairstyles, which reflected the glamour and sophistication of the Roaring Twenties.

Applications: A Bridge to Modernity

The practical significance of understanding historical context extends beyond mere appreciation; it has direct applications in modern hairstyling. By studying the techniques and styles of the 1920s, contemporary hairstylists can draw inspiration and incorporate elements of these iconic hairstyles into their own creations. This knowledge enables them to adapt historical styles to suit modern trends and cater to a diverse clientele. Fashion enthusiasts and individuals interested in recreating these hairstyles can also benefit from understanding the historical context, as it provides a deeper appreciation and guidance for achieving authentic results.

Summary: A Timeless Legacy

In conclusion, the exploration of "Historical Context: Understanding the Cultural and Societal Influences" within the context of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial" reveals a profound interconnectedness between the two. The historical context provides a lens through which these hairstyles can be fully understood and appreciated. While achieving these hairstyles may require some practice and skill, the end result is a testament to the enduring legacy of the 1920s and the transformative power of hairstyling.

Tools and Equipment

In the realm of "1920s Long Hairstyles Tutorial," the significance of "Tools and Equipment: Curling irons, combs, and styling accessories" cannot be overstated. These essential elements play a pivotal role in achieving the iconic hairstyles of the Roaring Twenties, empowering hairstylists and enthusiasts alike to recreate the glamorous and sophisticated looks of the era.

• Curling Irons:

  Heated styling tools, typically cylindrical in shape, used to create soft waves, tight curls, or voluminous ringlets. Different barrel sizes and materials accommodate various hair types and desired styles.

• Combs:

  Indispensable tools for detangling, sectioning, and styling hair. Fine-tooth combs are ideal for creating precise partings and sleek styles, while wide-tooth combs help prevent breakage and distribute styling products evenly.

• Styling Accessories:

  A diverse range of tools and embellishments used to enhance and secure hairstyles. This category includes hairpins, clips, barrettes, headscarves, and headbands, each serving a unique purpose in achieving the desired look.

• Hair Rollers:

  Cylindrical or pin-shaped devices used to create curls and waves without heat. Hair is wrapped around the rollers and left to set, resulting in soft, natural-looking results.

The effective use of these tools and equipment requires a combination of skill, practice, and a deep understanding of hair texture and styling techniques. By mastering the art of tool manipulation and product application, hairstylists can transform ordinary tresses into dazzling masterpieces, reminiscent of the golden age of Hollywood glamour.

Practice and Patience

In the realm of "1920s long hairstyles tutorial," the significance of "Practice and Patience: Achieving proficiency through repetition" cannot be overstated. This fundamental principle serves as the cornerstone for mastering the intricate techniques and achieving the alluring hairstyles that epitomize the Roaring Twenties.

Cause and Effect: A Synergistic Relationship

Practice and patience are not mere prerequisites for success in hairstyling; they are active catalysts that drive positive outcomes. Consistent practice leads to improved muscle memory, enabling hairstylists to execute techniques with greater precision and fluidity. This, in turn, enhances the overall quality and authenticity of the hairstyles they create, bringing the glamour of the 1920s to life.

Components: An Indispensable Foundation

Practice and patience are integral components of "1920s long hairstyles tutorial," playing a multifaceted role in the learning process. They foster a deep understanding of the techniques, allowing hairstylists to troubleshoot challenges and adapt their approach to suit different hair types and textures. Patience enables hairstylists to persevere through initial setbacks, recognizing that mastery takes time and dedication.

Examples: A Journey of Transformation

History offers countless examples of hairstylists who have honed their skills through practice and patience, achieving remarkable results. Take, for instance, the renowned hairstylist Sydney Guilaroff, who spent years perfecting the Marcel wave technique, a signature style of the 1920s. His unwavering dedication and meticulous attention to detail transformed him into a sought-after hairstylist, catering to Hollywood's elite and shaping the hairstyles that defined an era.

Applications: A Pathway to Mastery

The practical significance of understanding "Practice and Patience: Achieving proficiency through repetition" extends beyond the hairstyling realm. This principle is applicable to various fields, empowering individuals to develop expertise and achieve their goals. Whether it's learning a new instrument, mastering a sport, or excelling in a particular profession, practice and patience are the cornerstones of success.

In conclusion, the exploration of "Practice and Patience: Achieving proficiency through repetition" within the context of "1920s long hairstyles tutorial" reveals a profound interconnectedness between the two. Practice and patience are not mere abstract concepts; they are essential ingredients for achieving hairstyling mastery and unlocking the secrets of the past. While the journey may require time and effort, the rewards are immeasurable, as hairstylists embark on a creative voyage, transforming tresses into works of art and paying homage to the enduring legacy of the 1920s.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common questions and misconceptions regarding 1920s long hairstyles, providing clarity and further insights into the tutorial's content.

Question 1: What are the defining characteristics of 1920s long hairstyles?

Answer: 1920s long hairstyles are characterized by soft waves, intricate finger waves, and sleek bobs with graduated layers. These styles often incorporate headbands, hair accessories, and pin curls to enhance volume and create a glamorous, sophisticated look.

Question 2: What tools and equipment are essential for achieving 1920s long hairstyles?

Answer: Hairstylists require curling irons, combs, styling accessories, and potentially hair rollers to create the desired hairstyles. The specific tools may vary depending on the technique and hair type.

Question 3: Can these hairstyles be achieved on all hair types and lengths?

Answer: While 1920s hairstyles are versatile and adaptable, certain techniques may be more suitable for specific hair types and lengths. Hairstylists should assess individual hair characteristics and adjust their approach accordingly.

Question 4: How can I ensure that the hairstyles will last throughout the day?

Answer: Using high-quality styling products like pomades, setting lotions, and hairspray can provide hold and help maintain the hairstyles' shape and volume. Additionally, securing the hairstyles with hairpins or clips can enhance their longevity.

Question 5: Are there any modern adaptations or variations of 1920s long hairstyles?

Answer: Contemporary hairstylists often draw inspiration from 1920s styles, incorporating elements like soft waves or finger waves into modern cuts and styles. These adaptations allow for a blend of vintage charm and modern flair.

Question 6: What are some common challenges faced when creating 1920s long hairstyles?

Answer: Some challenges include achieving precise finger waves, maintaining volume in fine hair, and ensuring that the hairstyles complement the individual's facial features and overall style. Practice, patience, and a keen eye for detail are essential.

These FAQs provide valuable insights into the nuances of 1920s long hairstyles, addressing common concerns and offering practical guidance for hairstylists and enthusiasts seeking to recreate these iconic looks. As we delve deeper into the tutorial, we will explore step-by-step instructions, styling tips, and historical context to fully capture the essence of these hairstyles and empower readers to embrace the glamour and sophistication of the Roaring Twenties.

TIPS

This section provides practical tips and insights to help you master the techniques and achieve the iconic hairstyles of the Roaring Twenties. Whether you're a professional hairstylist or an enthusiast seeking to recreate these timeless looks, these tips will guide you through the process.

Tip 1: Proper Hair Preparation:

Begin with clean, detangled hair. Use a clarifying shampoo to remove product buildup and ensure better styling product adherence. Deep condition your hair to enhance its health and manageability.

Tip 2: Sectioning for Precision:

Divide your hair into manageable sections before styling. This allows for more precise application of styling products and heat, ensuring even distribution and consistent results.

Tip 3: Mastering the Marcel Wave:

To achieve the signature soft waves, use a heated curling iron and wrap small sections of hair around it, holding each section for a few seconds. Allow the hair to cool completely before moving on to the next section.

Tip 4: Creating Defined Finger Waves:

Apply setting lotion to damp hair and use your fingers to shape the waves. Press and mold the hair into desired patterns, securing them with hairpins or clips until completely dry.

Tip 5: Styling with Headbands and Accessories:

Enhance your hairstyle with headbands, hair clips, or decorative pins. Choose accessories that complement your outfit and personal style, adding a touch of vintage glamour to your look.

Tip 6: Enhancing Volume with Pin Curls:

Create pin curls using hairpins to set curls and add volume. Section your hair, wrap each section around two fingers, and secure it with a hairpin. Allow the curls to cool and set before releasing them.

Tip 7: Finishing Touches for Hold and Shine:

Apply a small amount of pomade or styling cream to smooth flyaways and add shine. Finish with a light mist of hairspray to hold your hairstyle in place throughout the day.

Tip 8: Practice Makes Perfect:

Mastering these techniques takes time and practice. Experiment with different methods and products to find what works best for your hair type and desired look. With patience and dedication, you'll achieve the iconic hairstyles of the 1920s.

By following these tips, you'll not only recreate the glamorous hairstyles of the Roaring Twenties but also gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship that went into these timeless looks. As we conclude our exploration of 1920s long hairstyles, the final section will delve into the enduring legacy and continued relevance of these iconic styles in modern fashion and hairstyling.

Conclusion

Our exploration of "1920s long hairstyles tutorial" reveals a fascinating interplay between historical context, cultural influences, and hairstyling techniques. Hairstyles of this era symbolized liberation, experimentation, and a rejection of traditional norms, mirroring societal changes and the rise of the modern woman. The Marcel wave, finger waves, and shingled bobs, enhanced with headbands and accessories, defined the glamorous aesthetic of the Roaring Twenties.

Key points to remember:

• Historical Context: The cultural and societal shifts of the 1920s shaped the hairstyles, reflecting a desire for change and a break from Victorian ideals.
• Signature Techniques: Mastering the Marcel wave, finger waves, and pin curls was essential in achieving the iconic hairstyles, requiring skill and practice.
• Styling Products and Accessories: Pomades, setting lotions, and headbands played a crucial role in shaping and securing the hairstyles, adding shine, volume, and a touch of vintage charm.

The enduring legacy of 1920s long hairstyles lies in their timeless elegance and continued relevance in modern fashion and hairstyling. Contemporary hairstylists draw inspiration from these iconic looks, adapting them to suit modern trends. Whether for a special occasion, a photoshoot, or simply a touch of vintage glamour, these hairstyles continue to captivate and inspire.